Eadar-mheadhanairean: Tha eadar-mheadhanairean dathaidh (pigment) na mheur air leth cudromach de ghnìomhachas nan ceimigean grinn. Leasachadh nan eadar-mheadhanairean taiceil. Tha cinneasachadh eadar-mheadhanairean airson dathaidh agus pigment ann an Sìona air a leasachadh gu mòr bho na 1950an. Anns na beagan bhliadhnaichean a dh’ fhalbh, tha cinneasachadh eadar-mheadhanairean dathaidh agus pigment air a bhith a’ sìor fhàs làidir, agus tha innleachdan air a bhith ann an teicneòlas cinneasachaidh. Tha sinn air adhartasan adhartach a dhèanamh ann an grunn raointean, leithid rannsachadh, cleachdaidhean ùra airson seann sheòrsan agus dìon na h-àrainneachd, agus tha sinn air pròiseas glan a ghabhail os làimh airson cinneasachadh eadar-mheadhanairean dathaidh agus pigment.

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Leasachadh cleachdadh eadar-mheadhanairean

Gu dearbh, tha cleachdadh eadar-mheadhanairean na leasachadh ioma-fhillte, seòrsa sònraichte de eadar-mheadhanairean a thathas a’ cleachdadh ann an dathan ris an canar eadar-mheadhanairean datha, agus air an cleachdadh ann am puinnseanan-bhiastagan, cungaidhean-leigheis, agus mar sin air adhart. Ris an canar cuideachd puinnseanan-bhiastagan, eadar-mheadhanairean cungaidh-leigheis. Bu chòir beachdachadh orra mar mheur den ghnìomhachas cheimigeach mìn gu h-iomlan, cha bu chòir a roinn gu teann ann an eadar-mheadhanairean datha, eadar-mheadhanairean puinnseanan-bhiastagan ... cungaidh-leigheis, a lughdaicheas raon chleachdaidhean cuid de dh’ eadar-mheadhanairean agus a bheir buaidh air an leasachadh.

Tha rannsachadh eadar-mheadhanairean ceimigeach mìn air a chomharrachadh le measgachadh farsaing, ach a-mhàin beagan sheòrsaichean de sgèile cinneasachaidh gu sònraichte mòr, chan eil a’ mhòr-chuid de sheòrsaichean de thunnais glè mhòr, ach gu tric bidh am pròiseas ullachaidh nas iom-fhillte, anns a bheil mòran ath-bheachdan aonadan agus dealachaidhean, agus feumar dèiligeadh gu ceart ri cinneasachadh meudan mòra de na “trì sgudail”. Mar sin, bu chòir dhuinn a dhol an sàs ann an rannsachadh pròiseas toraidh sreathach, eagrachadh reusanta de eadar-mheadhanairean gus èifeachdas cinneasachaidh math fhaighinn.

A thaobh an t-suidheachaidh thall thairis, tha rannsachadh is cinneasachadh eadar-mheadhanairean buailteach a bhith air an cur gu ceart gus cinneasachadh sreathach a choileanadh. Airson beagan gu dusan seòrsa de eadar-mheadhanairean, tha an rannsachadh is an cinneasachadh sin nas fhasa a chur an gnìomh tro leasachadh iomlan agus gabhail ri teicneòlasan ùra. Gheibh sinn dà uiread na toraidhean le leth na h-oidhirp. Is urrainn dhuinn iomradh a thoirt air an t-suidheachadh ann an Iapan, far an robh cinneasachadh eadar-mheadhanairean gu math dì-mheadhanaichte, a’ tòiseachadh bho na 1960an. Chaidh atharrachadh agus cur gu dìreach seachd tursan.

Tro atharrachadh agus leasachadh, tha gnìomhachas eadar-mheadhanach dath is pigment Shìona air ìre nas àirde a ruighinn a thaobh sgèile cinneasachaidh, teicneòlais agus ìre uidheamachd, agus chan urrainn dha seo a-mhàin coinneachadh ri feumalachdan leasachadh gnìomhachas dath is pigment dachaigheil, ach cuideachd toraidhean eadar-mheadhanach nas càileachd a thoirt do dhùthchannan cèin.

Tha na stuthan amh a dh’fheumar airson eadar-mheadhanairean a cho-chur ri chèile air an toirt sa mhòr-chuid bho thoraidhean gnìomhachas ceimigeach peatroil is còcaidh, agus is e beinséin, naftailein, naftailein, agus naftailein a’ mhòr-chuid dhiubh. Anns na bliadhnachan mu dheireadh, tha na dathan organach a chaidh ullachadh bho eadar-mheadhanairean heterocyclic air a bhith a’ sìor fhàs. A bharrachd air an sin, tha todhar sreath phenanthrene, pyridine, ocsaidean fluorene, quinoline, indole, carbazole, biphenyl, agus tha na stuthan amh iom-fhillte seo air an cleachdadh ann an dèanamh stuthan dathaidh. Bidh cleachdadh stuthan amh synthetigeach a’ fàs nas fharsainge agus nas cumanta.

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Na h-ath-bheachdan ceimigeach as cumanta a thathas a’ cleachdadh airson eadar-mheadhanairean

Is iad seo na h-ath-bheachdan ceimigeach as cumanta a thathas a’ cleachdadh gus stuthan amh a phròiseasadh gu bhith nan eadar-mheadhanairean airson gnìomhachas an dathaidh (pigment).

(1) Ath-bhualadh sulfonachaidh
(2) Ath-bhualaidhean nitrification
(3) Ath-bhualaidhean halogenachaidh
(4) Ath-bhualadh lughdachadh gus amino ullachadh
(5) Ath-bhualaidhean diazotachaidh (gu tric còmhla ri ath-bhualaidhean ceangail)
(6) Ath-chur bhuidhnean searbhag sulfonach gu buidhnean haidreocsaile le ath-bheachdan leaghaidh alcalach
(7) Ath-bhualaidhean acetylation
(8) Ath-bhualaidhean ocsaididh
(9) Ath-bhualaidhean dùmhlachaidh agus carbonachaidh
(10) Ath-bhualaidhean aromatachaidh (gu h-àraidh amino)
(11) Ath-bheachdan iom-mhalairteach bhuidhnean haidreocsaile agus amino
(12) Hiodrocsaileachadh bhuidhnean haidreocsaile no amino

A rèir structar fàinne cùbhraidh nan eadar-mheadhanairean ceimigeach mìn, faodar an seòrsachadh ann an siostam fàinne aliphatic, beinséin, naftailein, anthraquinone, heterocyclic agus dlùth. Faodaidh an dùthaich againn còrr air 400 seòrsa de beinséin, naftailein, anthraquinone, heterocyclic agus eadar-mheadhanairean eile de dhathadh agus pigment a thoirt gu buil, agus faodaidh seo coinneachadh ri riatanasan leasachaidh gnìomhachas an dathaidh agus an pigment gu bunaiteach.

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Prìomh sheòrsaichean siostam beinséin

2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene, o-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrophenol, N,N-dimethylaniline, p-amino Anisole, p-nitroaniline, o-toluidine, 2-bromo-6-chloro-p-nitroaniline, N-ethylaniline, m-hydroxydiethylaniline 2,4-dinitro-6-bromoaniline, o-, p-phenylenediamine, 3,3-dichlorobenzidine, benzidine, anisylamine, p-amine searbhag beinséinsulfonach, o-anisole, p-aminoanisole, searbhag DSD, p-aminophenetole, searbhag CTL, o-cyano-p-nitroaniline, acetoacetylacetamide o-Methoxyaniline, hydroquinone, resorcinol, N-methyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, Toluidine, N,N-diethyl-m-toluidine, N-methyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-toluidine Methyl cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-methylphenyl-m-toluidine, p-, ethoxyaniline, 2 4-dimethylaniline, 4-chloro-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methoxy-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide 2,4,5-Trichloroaniline, 4-methoxy-3-amino-N,N-diethylbenzenesulfonamide, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline eadar-, para-ester, msaa.

4
Prìomh sheòrsaichean eadar-mheadhanairean naftailin

2-naphthol, searbhag-H, searbhag-K, searbhag-2,3, searbhag-2,6, searbhag-thujaplach, ocsaidean searbhag-6-nitro-1,2,4. searbhag-J, searbhag-pei, searbhag-gamma, salann-G, salann-R, searbhag-amino-K, searbhag-2-naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic, searbhag-1-naphthol-5-sulfonic, 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene, searbhag-2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic, searbhag-2R agus mar sin air adhart. Tha eadar-mheadhanairean Anthraquinone a’ gabhail a-steach: anthraquinone, 1-amino anthraquinone, 1,4-diamino anthraquinone, 1,5-dimethyl-bromophosphate, 1,5-dimethyl-anthraquinone, searbhag 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic, searbhag 2R, msaa. Anthraquinone, 1,5-diamino anthraquinone, 1-Amino-5-benzoyl anthraquinone, 1,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone, 1,8-hydroxy Anthraquinone, 1,8-dihydroxy-4,5-diamino anthraquinone, msaa.

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Prìomh ghnèithean heterocyclic agus dlùth-chyclic

Clòraid cianuric, searbhag barbituric, 2-amino-6-nitrobenzothiazole, 2-amino-5,6-dichlorobenzothiazole, 2-aminobenzothiazole Aminothiazole, searbhag dehydrothiobenzidine bisulfonic, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone Formylamino-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 4-chloro-1,8-naphthalene anhydride, naftalen tetracarboxylic anhydride, ! tetracarboxylic anhydride, msaa.